The Nature and Basis of Economic Growth

The Nature and Basis of Economic Growth Mahnoor Hussain Sadia Gondal Suha Qasim Memon SZABIST Before the Second World War, the idea of development was influenced by principles of free market economy. In the middle third of the twentieth century, the phenomenon prevailed that the main responsibility of the economic development depends on the government of the country. So accordingly, if a particular country is economically backward or underdeveloped, then the government is to be blamed. Hence, it is the government’s responsibility to catch up with the progress (the idea of convergence was introduced back then). This belief developed mainly because of Russia. During that time, Russia (former USSR) was a communist state, where the role of government was greatest. Private sector had minimal role in the economy. Private and public goods were provided by the government. Government had the sole responsibility of providing welfare of the public. The greater the national self-consciousness, the greater will be economic backwardness of a country. It is also believed that the colonial powers were behind the economic backwardness of the dependent, colonized countries for the reason that these territories did not carry out an effective economic policy, inactivity was the part of the colonizer’s general policy. Greater economic activity in the quest of economic growth was common amongst metropolitan, colonial and post-colonial countries. Our concern would be on the consequences faced by the federalist states who were inspired by the greater economic growth pursuit. The consequences are categorized into financial and economic. Economic aspect of the consequence includes those things which cannot be reduced to the financial side of the consequences. The distinction between the two is necessary but neither of the aspects stressed upon the fact that arise in federations are peculiar to federations. Nor either of the consequence is a product of effective development policy – they were recognized, by every means, in the early times. The role of government was minimal. The problems that emerged out of the two heads were indeed separable, though each of them was intensified differently by the active development policy. Beginning with the financial aspect of the consequences: the economic problems were thought of as a part of the financial side. Moreover there was just one approach to development that conceived both the term as one term. Normally, economists differentiate a poor and rich country by the difference in the capital per capita (capital supply per head of population, k=K/L). With the help of this indicator, the stepping up of the rate of capital accumulation is evaluated.. It is difficult for poor country to get much from voluntary savings, hence, as an alternative; a compulsory saving is done through the states budget. Old style public services, along with the new development expenditure are financed through taxation. Funds raised through budget surpluses can be directly utilized into a nationalised industry or indirectly into a private industry. Indirect utilization of funds will be through development banks and other developmental institutions. Apparently, newly self-governed regions tend to have experience a history of restrictive government activities. Such territories spend a larger share on development projects like expenditure on the provision of transport, health and education. Development expenditures have a certain share allocated in government budget, and most of the time, such expenditures are through tax collections. The main difference between old style public expenditure and social expenditure is that the benefits/positive externalities of the former expenditure are shared by the whole society whereas the benefits/positive externalities of the latter expenditure are shared amongst a relative portion of the society. Development has a relatively skewed impact on a respective society. Some parts of the territory are considerably better off than the rest, in the form of wealth and other goods so the question arises whether the richer territories should be allowed to enjoy higher standards of social expenditure or a uniform/standard form of expenditures should prevail all over the country. This type of problems emerges in unitary as well as federal states. There is a presumption that uniformity is inevitable in a unitary state because there are no government rights. But it should be noticed that there is a clash between the privileges and general philosophy of economic development. Several different forms of social expenditures are adopted by the regional and local administration authority. If these social expenditures are financed by the regional or local government finances, then the wealthier areas would be better off than the poorer areas, in the respect of higher standards of living and greater capability of taxing. The demand for social expenditure is not high, in other words, the concept of social expenditure is not fully developed, and therefore this problem is of acute importance. It should be noted that this is not the case for different countries; some countries are dependent and aware of the concept of social expenditures. Rise in the demand for social expenditure would change the situation. This condition partly depends upon the resource sharing between federal, provincial and local governments. Sometimes, federal government does not have enough resources to spend on social expenditures, that is, when the provincial and local governments can finance such expenditures. But there are certain strict administrative reasons that call for as general rule that the federal government should have a stronger position in the administrative structure, as well as, in the resource distribution. Tax administration is very expensive and difficult task. It is useless to impose taxation on high income individuals if they lesser in quantity. Provincial and local government cannot provide social expenditures solely from their resources. Federal grants are allocated for the purpose of financing social expenditures. Once this is approved, the grant distribution needs to be decided. When deciding the grant distribution, the questions over local inequality are placed. There are still differing opinions over the kind of grants that is neutral, neither de-equalizing nor equalizing in nature (United States of America is a perfect example for welfare grants). From one point of view, welfare grants on the basis of population is neutral (grants equal per head of population), because firstly, the richer areas are given the free will to secure/expand their high standards from their own resources and secondly, this way the poorer regions would be relatively better off with higher standards, which they could not have achieved through their own pool of resources. In reality, this policy on the basis of population is not in any case equalizing, such that it can be called as a general philosophy of development. Higher weightage should be given to poorer regions in order to equalize the effect. Such equalization policies can only be practiced in the light of national unity and greater political power of the poorer areas, otherwise, policies would never be translated into action. Federal government is indicated as prima facie, that is, unity does not exist in federal government. So if this type of equalization is adopted, then it means that the federal government is out of commission. Importance should be placed on determining the size of richer region, whether they are small or large. If the size of richer region is small, it depicts that the country is underdeveloped. Moreover, smaller regions put serious constraints on the equalization. In loose federations, where national unity is weak, equalization on the basis of population remains unacceptable. As richer areas tend to pay more (greater proportion in the central tax collection), therefore they demand greater share in the equalization grants (principle of derivation). This principle will only benefit the rich and make them relatively better off. As a result, inequality will prevail between the richer and poorer regions. Derivation principle is not easily carried out. Now, coming to the non-financial aspect of development: more prominent than the financial aspect of development. Social expenditures, let alone, cannot be regard as the only source of development. Social development has its repercussions if it only focuses on the social aspect, rather a balance of both. For instance, improvement in health facilities will raise the population level and improvement in education will create intellectual proletariat. In order to sustain development, it is important that it based on productivity, for instance, by expansion of productive activities, besides yielding a surplus over the cost of production. The initial financing of productive activities is general and not difficult, while the expansion can be from the profits earned. As governmental institutions dont earn profits, expansion for them is difficult. The productive activities should follow the comparative advantage principle. A country should expand its operation in the industry where they comparatively better so that greater share of profits are acquired. Natural advantage can be either in mineral resources or climatic conditions. Government policies should be adopted in a way that it exploits the benefit out these natural advantages. For example, New Zealand was able to enjoy higher standards of living only by developing policies that favoured their natural advantage (natural resources). Same was the case of Malaysia (comparative advantage in rubber), oil and other resource rich countries. Large supply of natural resources and per head population is a prerequisite of this phenomenon. Typically, underdeveloped countries have a large supply of labour in relation to the land supply. Hence, labour availability is the main beneficiary that it offers. Countries with large supply of labour have lower labour costs. Cheap labour results in low labour costs resulting in lower production costs. Although it is a sign an underdevelopment, cheaper labour confer a comparative advantage over the developed countries where the cost of labour is comparatively high. If industries are built on this low labour cost principle, with time they can attain efficiency and accumulate capital, which will later when the labour costs are no longer low. (Japan is the perfect example of this textbook cum practical procedure). Cheap labour are usually unskilled, therefore, they are more suitable for unskilled, mechanical work. Training them would raise the employers cost. Even if these obstacles are not present, a general obstacle prevails: absence of economies of scale. Protectionism is very common amongst the underdeveloped countries because of the prevalence of infant industries. High rate tariffs are imposed in order to discourage purchases of imports by making them more expensive than domestic, home-produced goods. When setting up industries, it is important that the location and the nature of industry are taken into consideration. For instance, weight gaining good should be near the factor of production, while weight losing good should be near the factory outlet. For example, cement is an example of weight gaining good. Moreover, it is stated that you cannot find any empirical evidences of a country that has industrialised itself, without the aid of infant industry protection and special raw material (natural) advantage. Applying protectionism through the restriction of imports is inevitable if only if, the country demands imported goods. Otherwise, its application is worthless. Prior to the protectionism, the importing country must be financing the foreign good through the exports. Let’s take an example of a country where the export industry is already developed. if the industry was built during the colonial times, then there are high chances that it was built during the free trade times (capitalist economy) and must have exploited the natural resources. Apparently, the country would be based on a primary industry, such as mining or agriculture. The wages earned by the labour and the profits generated by the entrepreneurs would have been spent on imported goods. Otherwise, the industry would have financed through external sources (profits transferred abroad). The balance of payment equalized, without affecting the country’s economy. Apart from when the local labour is attracted to work in the export industry, the impact on the situation would be slight.

Jasper Jones Essay

Jasper jones is intriguing novel by Craig Silvey it revolves around the mysterious death the mayors daughter Laura Whishhart (jaspers girlfriend). Whose brutally abused body is found hanging from a tree in a clearing that has been adopted by jasper jones? And who has bad reputation due to his race and the fact that he has to to steal in order to survive due to the lack of parents. So jasper enlist the help of Charlie Bucktin an intelligent teenager to help hide Lauras body and get to the bottom of this alleged murder. Jasper is forced to to hide her body instead of giving her a proper funeral as the residents who reside in Corrigan are ignorant, hypocritical, narrow-minded, racist people who fail to give jasper a fair judgement of character. They blame all their troubles on jasper and any immigrants that come to live in there town, more specifically the Lu family although the town seem to accept both Jeffrey and jasper when it comes to sports as there the towns best athletes at cricket and football the only thing that keeps jasper going is his resilience to find a way through life. Craig uses a large variety of conventions to engage the reader and ensure a clear understanding of the message he wants get across. Throughout the novel jasper is repeatedly used as a scape goat by the residents of Corrigan. The kids frequently use him to get out of trouble as his parents will not pass punishment as long as there children say that they were with jasper jones or even tie the issue back to him. The adult blame him for everything as well if something goes missing it’s immediately jaspers fault or when the post office burnt down, there’s an unfortunate accident or something is found broken people will still blame jasper weather there is or isn’t any evidence to show it was him. The quotes â€Å"Jasper Jones has a terrible reputation in Corrigan his a thief, a liar, a thug, and truant. He’s lazy and unreliable. He’s a feral and an orphan or as good as, his mother is dead and his father is no good he’s the rotten model that parents hold aloft as a warning: this is how you will end up if you’re disobedient. Jasper jones is an example of where poor aptitude will lead. In families throughout Corrigan, he’s the first name to be blamed for everything. † And â€Å"outside of my man’s pocket I never stole a thing I dint need. For certains. Im talkin about food, matched, clothes sometimes, whatever nuthin big ever nuthin people could go without. The first of these two quotes shows how jasper has a bad reputation and that people look down on him in disgust, like his a feral runt. That he gets blamed for every misdemeanour even though his clearly not responsible the enumeration and use of insulting words gets the message across that his hated and everyone thinks his always up to no good even, that his reputation destroys any chance he has to defend himself and show that he hasn’t done anything wrong. While the second quote justifies jaspers actions in the sense that he only took what he needed that he was only trying to survive as he had no support from his father. He never stole out of greed and never had any luxuries he only had what he needed to survive and that it was society who looks down on him even with all of their comforts and fulfilled desires. The way in which its written shows how jasper interactions with society are limited and how his hasn’t had the option to get an education as he’s developed his own way of speaking which consist of mostly slang, this isn’t beneficial l to his reputation ever as it for some residents it reinforces the idea that he’s an uneducated feral. As a whole we can see that jasper is mistreated and misjudged which leads to everyone believing him to be genuine bad boy who is a source of unruly behaviour and a bad influence to those who are around him and as such is used as a template for where bad behaviour and disobedience will lead you. Although Corrigans residents is highly judgemental towards jasper and acts through prejudice there highly accepting to his athletic capabilities and while his making the town look good and winning there football games for him everyone will jeer him on just like they would to a Caucasian teenager but as soon as jasper walks of the field that acceptance disappears and people start treating him like an outcast again this shows a hypocorism the people of Corrigan as they can cheer someone on as long as there accomplishing something for them but as soon as that person has done it they shack their heads at that person in disgust as through there worthless and don’t contribute to society in any way. â€Å"the folks who watch jasper play, who barrack for him like he was one of their own, are the same ones who might cut their eyes at him should he walk there way a few hours after the game. But they’ll smile and cheer and shake their heads in wonderment if he takes a run through centre or if he nails one in the pocket† this quote shows how the towns racial prejudice and hypocrisy and can in make them change their thoughts about jasper in a matter of second. That they refuse to accept him as a civil human being in general life but as soon as his winning a game for them his suddenly the best person they’ve ever come across as he’s beneficial to them. The conventions here are juxtaposition to help show how ignorant and arrogant Corrigan’s residence really as they change their mind from he’s amazing, great, and spectacular to his filth, a runt and worthless to everybody Jasper manages to accept and lives through the prejudice based treatment because of the incredible amount of resilience he has, although his shunned, hatted, despised, judged and mistreated. Yet jasper doesn’t show any bitterness to the town of Corrigan, he doesn’t resent them he just accepts the way things are in the hopes that he might be able to change them. He has still developed a sense of loyalty at sense of right and wrong a maturity that is far advanced for his age and a street smart attitude to what the world is actually like. he has come to forgive those who mistreat him and treat them like equals even tho they neglect his right to be treated like one. † I bin looking after myself since I can remember. And that’s food, cloth, where I sleep the whole lot I tole, it doesn’t matter how old you are. Everyone ages. Everyone can learn a trade and pay taxes and have a family. But that’s not growing up. It’s about how you act when your shit gets shaken up, it’s about how much you see around you, that’s what makes a man. And if I can do it here, in this town, I can do it anywhere I reckon. This quote shows how resilient jasper has always been his been looking after himself for basically his whole life and has never lost hope or the slightest amount of morale. He believes that is He can handle the stress and tolerate the intolerance of others he can make a living he can make a good name for himself and come out of it as a better person then he is a man and that if he can do it in Corrigan he can get himself accepted by anyone, anywhere. The use of slang here in jaspers speech really help visualize the situation as it makes readers feel like what jaspers saying is the truth and that ever word is meant. Which makes it an emotive text as readers feel sorry about jaspers current situation yet are inspired by the resilience he shows to not give up. So in conclusion jasper has stayed strong despite his mistreatment by the town of Corrigan, he hasn’t grown bitter towards the residence or think of them as bad people just that there ignorant. As they only accept the athletic part of him and not the indigenous. And as such infuses the stereotype that aboriginals are bad news and jaspers already bad reputation to create the perfect scape goat for their troubles and problems and through craig silveys excellent use of conventions and unique writing style readers understand this text and its meaning relatively easy.

How to Choose Literary Essay Samples Fourth Grade

How to Choose Literary Essay Samples Fourth Grade The Ultimate Approach to Literary Essay Samples Fourth Grade Patients require some simple grasp of the dangers and advantages of their recommended drugs and the way to manage them to be able to take them safely. Knowledge of handling missed prescriptions is likewise an important part of drug safety. It's however essential to note that quality pharmaceutical products alone can't guarantee drug safety. While patient safety comprises a multitude of multiplexed aspects, the standard of pharmaceuticals, their distribution, storage, use and disposal have a better bearing in contrast to other elements. What You Should Do to Find Out About Literary Essay Samples Fourth Grade Before You're Left Behind Review the notes indicated and make a decision as to what question you desire an answer to regarding the material you've read. The debut of each written work ought to have a very clear thesis statement or argument. Also, they have to en umerate certain items which are important to convey the message of the story. The very first paragraph should contain the main point that you want to make about the literary work and ought to give details to support the claim. A topic sentence is normally the very first sentence of the paragraph, not the previous sentence of the prior paragraph. The previous sentence ought to be persuasive to the principal point and ought to show that the essay is coming to a finish. The very first sentence of each paragraph should play off the previous sentence of the prior paragraph to provide a smooth transition. Nonfiction writing is a significant indicator of how well your kid is learning essential literary skills. Trait theories identify a number of the earliest perceptions on leadership. To muster a brilliant literary essay you've got to possess two essential traits a profound understanding of a specific work and creative thinking. Literary Essay Samples Fourth Grade for Dummies Writing is given much value in school since it is the bedrock of the other subjects too. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. They need to learn how to write persuasive essaysthis skill is critical because it is often tested. There are 3 essential actions to helping students to create solid literary essays in only a class period or two. This couplet differs. The rest of The sentences should function as an outline for the remainder of your paper. The Upside to Literary Essay Samples Fourth Grade He seems to recognize that the things he's done hurt men and women, and he regrets them. It's known that each wonderful thing starts with small actions. As time passes, children learn how to manipulate parents to receive their way. A bit of information which tells the reader something more concerning the plot of the story. It functions as a proof a person have learned something from the readings he or she just had. Physical desire and emotional attraction are just characteristics of the overlying idea of love. On another level, it's the story of all of the true damage that could result from seemingly innocent adventures. After all, he's merely a kid. Because of this, it's important that better means of communicating prescriptions to patients in an easy and quick manner be developed. For this reason, you've got to be well-prepared with respect to additional info, analysis, and researches of different folks. Power theories base their arguments on the origin of the power a person is exercising. The degree to which such input could possibly be accepted fluctuates depending on the leader's judgment. Because it isn't a one-passage review you've got to craft but an elaborate investigation of a literary work. Help your son or daughter excel with our detailed collection of fourth grade resources. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, and make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. When you want an example written by means of a student check out our vast group of absolutely free student models. Mind that downloading two or three literary analysis essay examples is an excellent idea. There are various elements involved with writing an effective essay. Since you may see, presenting a suitable essay is both difficult and time-taking. Note the way that it's achieved in a sample literary analysis essay provided at our website. You have not just to compose an essay except to read an original literary piece repeatedly, analyze it, research, make notes and so forth. Your paper's aim is to prove your thesis. There's, clearly, a limit on the range of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. It is thus very critical for a leader to analyze the circumstance and workout flexibility in the execution of their duties. If you're looking for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service given by fully qualified academics in your area of study. Before embarking on the writing it is critical that students start by evaluating the evidence both for and against the matter. If you don't know anything about literature review writing, then you need to download this PDF. Step-by-step instructions for writing different kinds of essays can be retrieved by these links. At times it can be hard t o determine precisely what information is related to your introduction till you've written the piece itself. The very first style which will be discuss is the Permissive Parent. It also needs to say something original regarding the topic. Imagine that the school cafeteria has made a decision to start serving pizza each day of the year. In this instance, you need to keep your ideas streamlined and straightforward so you'll discover that it's simpler to compose your essay from begin to finish. Likewise, it has to be logically complete and express a particular idea.

How to Improve a Students Self-Esteem

Weve long known that when students feel good about themselves, they are much more likely to become better achievers in the classroom. Fostering can-do attitudes and building students confidence by setting them up for success and providing positive feedback along with frequent praise are essential tools for both teachers and parents. Think about yourself, the more confident you feel, the better you feel about the task at hand and your ability to do it. When a child is feeling good about themselves, its much easier to motivate them to become academically proficient. Self-Esteem Comes First Whats the next step? First of all, in order to help improve self-esteem, we have to be careful in the way we provide feedback. Dweck (1999), a proponent of the growth mindset approach,  argues that having a particular goal orientation, (learning goal or performance goal) to base feedback on as opposed to person-orientated praise will be more effective. In other words, avoid using statements like: Im proud of you; Wow, you worked hard. Instead, focus the praise on the task or process. Praise the students specific effort and strategy. For instance, I notice you selected the cube-a-links to solve that problem, thats a great strategy. I noticed that you didnt make any computational errors this time! When using this type of feedback, youve addressed both self-esteem and youve supported the childs motivational level for academic goals. Tips for Building Self Esteem Self-esteem is important in and out of the classroom. Teachers and parents can support self-esteem by remembering some of the following: Always accentuate the positive: Do you ever notice those suffering from a low self- esteem tend to focus on the negative? Youll hear statements like: Oh, I was never any good at that. I cant keep friends. This actually indicates that this person needs to like themselves more!Give children the opportunity to tell you 10 things they like about themselves: Prompt them to state things they can do well, things they feel good about. You will be surprised at how many children suffering from low self-esteem have difficulty with this task — youll need to provide prompts. (This is also a great beginning of the year activity)Avoid criticism: Those suffering from low self-esteem struggle the most when given criticism. Be sensitive to this. Always remember that self-esteem is about how much children feel valued, appreciated, accepted, loved and having a good sense of self-worth. Having a good self-image. Understand that as parents and teachers, you play one of the biggest roles in how good or bad a child can feel about themselves. The influence of a parent or teacher can make and break a childs sense of self-esteem. Dont abuse it.Expectations must always be realistic: This goes along with setting children up for success. Differentiated instruction is key and goes a long way to ensure that teachers know their students and ensures the types of tasks/expectations match the childs strengths and ability levels.See the learning in errors or mistakes: Turn mistakes inside out and focus on what was or will be learned from the mistake. This helps a child focus on the positive, not the negative. Remind students that everyone makes mistakes but its how those mistakes are handled that makes the difference. We need to see them as learning opportunities. Powerful learning can often be the result of a mistake made.Self-esteem is an important component to almost everything children do: Not only will it help with academic performance, it supports social skills and makes it easier for children to have and keep friends. Relationships with peers and teachers are usually more positive with a healthy dose of self-esteem. Children are also better equipped to cope with mistakes, disappointment, and failure, they are more likely to stick with challenging tasks and complete learning activities. Self-esteem is needed life-long and we need to remember the important role we play to enhance or damage a childs self-esteem. Reference: Dweck, C. S. (1999) Self Theories: Their Role in Motivation, Personality, and Development. Hove: Psychology Press, Taylor and Francis Group.